Search and download exchange rate data.
All Bank of Canada exchange rates are indicative rates only, obtained from averages of aggregated price quotes from financial institutions. For details, please read our full Terms and Conditions.
Data Available as: CSV, JSON and XML
View data for the past:
Australian dollar (AUD)
Australian dollar (AUD) | ||
---|---|---|
Low [High] | 2022-08-03 | 0.8913 CAD [1.1220 AUD] |
Average | 2022-07-25 — 2022-08-08 | 0.8940 CAD [1.1186 AUD] |
High [Low] | 2022-08-08 | 0.8984 CAD [1.1131 AUD] |
Date | AUD → CAD | CAD → AUD |
---|---|---|
2022-07-25 | 0.8940 | 1.1186 |
2022-07-26 | 0.8939 | 1.1187 |
2022-07-27 | 0.8933 | 1.1194 |
2022-07-28 | 0.8947 | 1.1177 |
2022-07-29 | 0.8936 | 1.1191 |
2022-08-01 | Bank holiday | Bank holiday |
2022-08-02 | 0.8919 | 1.1212 |
2022-08-03 | 0.8913 | 1.1220 |
2022-08-04 | 0.8956 | 1.1166 |
2022-08-05 | 0.8934 | 1.1193 |
2022-08-08 | 0.8984 | 1.1131 |
Brazilian real (BRL)
Brazilian real (BRL) | ||
---|---|---|
Low [High] | 2022-07-25 | 0.2377 CAD [4.2070 BRL] |
Average | 2022-07-25 — 2022-08-08 | 0.2449 CAD [4.0843 BRL] |
High [Low] | 2022-08-08 | 0.2510 CAD [3.9841 BRL] |
Date | BRL → CAD | CAD → BRL |
---|---|---|
2022-07-25 | 0.2377 | 4.2070 |
2022-07-26 | 0.2403 | 4.1615 |
2022-07-27 | 0.2428 | 4.1186 |
2022-07-28 | 0.2466 | 4.0552 |
2022-07-29 | 0.2473 | 4.0437 |
2022-08-01 | Bank holiday | Bank holiday |
2022-08-02 | 0.2453 | 4.0766 |
2022-08-03 | 0.2436 | 4.1051 |
2022-08-04 | 0.2458 | 4.0683 |
2022-08-05 | 0.2486 | 4.0225 |
2022-08-08 | 0.2510 | 3.9841 |
Chinese renminbi (CNY)
Chinese renminbi (CNY) | ||
---|---|---|
Low [High] | 2022-07-29 | 0.1901 CAD [5.2604 CNY] |
Average | 2022-07-25 — 2022-08-08 | 0.1904 CAD [5.2513 CNY] |
High [Low] | 2022-08-05 | 0.1913 CAD [5.2274 CNY] |
Date | CNY → CAD | CAD → CNY |
---|---|---|
2022-07-25 | 0.1904 | 5.2521 |
2022-07-26 | 0.1905 | 5.2493 |
2022-07-27 | 0.1905 | 5.2493 |
2022-07-28 | 0.1902 | 5.2576 |
2022-07-29 | 0.1901 | 5.2604 |
2022-08-01 | Bank holiday | Bank holiday |
2022-08-02 | 0.1903 | 5.2549 |
2022-08-03 | 0.1902 | 5.2576 |
2022-08-04 | 0.1904 | 5.2521 |
2022-08-05 | 0.1913 | 5.2274 |
2022-08-08 | 0.1904 | 5.2521 |
European euro (EUR)
European euro (EUR) | ||
---|---|---|
Low [High] | 2022-07-28 | 1.3039 CAD [0.7669 EUR] |
Average | 2022-07-25 — 2022-08-08 | 1.3093 CAD [0.7638 EUR] |
High [Low] | 2022-08-05 | 1.3162 CAD [0.7598 EUR] |
Date | EUR → CAD | CAD → EUR |
---|---|---|
2022-07-25 | 1.3143 | 0.7609 |
2022-07-26 | 1.3048 | 0.7664 |
2022-07-27 | 1.3053 | 0.7661 |
2022-07-28 | 1.3039 | 0.7669 |
2022-07-29 | 1.3072 | 0.7650 |
2022-08-01 | Bank holiday | Bank holiday |
2022-08-02 | 1.3109 | 0.7628 |
2022-08-03 | 1.3056 | 0.7659 |
2022-08-04 | 1.3135 | 0.7613 |
2022-08-05 | 1.3162 | 0.7598 |
2022-08-08 | 1.3114 | 0.7625 |
Hong Kong dollar (HKD)
Hong Kong dollar (HKD) | ||
---|---|---|
Low [High] | 2022-07-29 | 0.1634 CAD [6.1212 HKD] |
Average | 2022-07-25 — 2022-08-08 | 0.1639 CAD [6.1031 HKD] |
High [Low] | 2022-08-05 | 0.1648 CAD [6.0691 HKD] |
Date | HKD → CAD | CAD → HKD |
---|---|---|
2022-07-25 | 0.1637 | 6.1074 |
2022-07-26 | 0.1641 | 6.0928 |
2022-07-27 | 0.1640 | 6.0984 |
2022-07-28 | 0.1635 | 6.1162 |
2022-07-29 | 0.1634 | 6.1212 |
2022-08-01 | Bank holiday | Bank holiday |
2022-08-02 | 0.1638 | 6.1060 |
2022-08-03 | 0.1637 | 6.1076 |
2022-08-04 | 0.1638 | 6.1068 |
2022-08-05 | 0.1648 | 6.0691 |
2022-08-08 | 0.1638 | 6.1058 |
Indian rupee (INR)
Indian rupee (INR) | ||
---|---|---|
Low [High] | 2022-07-27 | 0.01611 CAD [62.0732 INR] |
Average | 2022-07-25 — 2022-08-08 | 0.01619 CAD [61.7567 INR] |
High [Low] | 2022-08-02 | 0.01637 CAD [61.0874 INR] |
Date | INR → CAD | CAD → INR |
---|---|---|
2022-07-25 | 0.01611 | 62.0732 |
2022-07-26 | 0.01614 | 61.9579 |
2022-07-27 | 0.01611 | 62.0732 |
2022-07-28 | 0.01612 | 62.0347 |
2022-07-29 | 0.01616 | 61.8812 |
2022-08-01 | Bank holiday | Bank holiday |
2022-08-02 | 0.01637 | 61.0874 |
2022-08-03 | 0.01624 | 61.5764 |
2022-08-04 | 0.01622 | 61.6523 |
2022-08-05 | 0.01630 | 61.3497 |
2022-08-08 | 0.01616 | 61.8812 |
Indonesian rupiah (IDR)
Indonesian rupiah (IDR) | ||
---|---|---|
Low [High] | 2022-08-08 | 0.000086 CAD [11,627.9070 IDR] |
Average | 2022-07-25 — 2022-08-08 | 0.000086 CAD [11,614.5416 IDR] |
High [Low] | 2022-08-05 | 0.000087 CAD [11,494.2529 IDR] |
Date | IDR → CAD | CAD → IDR |
---|---|---|
2022-07-25 | 0.000086 | 11,627.9070 |
2022-07-26 | 0.000086 | 11,627.9070 |
2022-07-27 | 0.000086 | 11,627.9070 |
2022-07-28 | 0.000086 | 11,627.9070 |
2022-07-29 | 0.000086 | 11,627.9070 |
2022-08-01 | Bank holiday | Bank holiday |
2022-08-02 | 0.000086 | 11,627.9070 |
2022-08-03 | 0.000086 | 11,627.9070 |
2022-08-04 | 0.000086 | 11,627.9070 |
2022-08-05 | 0.000087 | 11,494.2529 |
2022-08-08 | 0.000086 | 11,627.9070 |
Japanese yen (JPY)
Japanese yen (JPY) | ||
---|---|---|
Low [High] | 2022-07-27 | 0.009390 CAD [106.4963 JPY] |
Average | 2022-07-25 — 2022-08-08 | 0.009547 CAD [104.7577 JPY] |
High [Low] | 2022-08-02 | 0.009740 CAD [102.6694 JPY] |
Date | JPY → CAD | CAD → JPY |
---|---|---|
2022-07-25 | 0.009410 | 106.2699 |
2022-07-26 | 0.009430 | 106.0445 |
2022-07-27 | 0.009390 | 106.4963 |
2022-07-28 | 0.009540 | 104.8218 |
2022-07-29 | 0.009600 | 104.1667 |
2022-08-01 | Bank holiday | Bank holiday |
2022-08-02 | 0.009740 | 102.6694 |
2022-08-03 | 0.009590 | 104.2753 |
2022-08-04 | 0.009650 | 103.6269 |
2022-08-05 | 0.009580 | 104.3841 |
2022-08-08 | 0.009540 | 104.8218 |
Malaysian ringgit (MYR)
No data for this time period: 2022-07-25 — 2022-08-08
Mexican peso (MXN)
Mexican peso (MXN) | ||
---|---|---|
Low [High] | 2022-08-03 | 0.06244 CAD [16.0154 MXN] |
Average | 2022-07-25 — 2022-08-08 | 0.06297 CAD [15.8820 MXN] |
High [Low] | 2022-08-08 | 0.06340 CAD [15.7729 MXN] |
Date | MXN → CAD | CAD → MXN |
---|---|---|
2022-07-25 | 0.06284 | 15.9134 |
2022-07-26 | 0.06298 | 15.8781 |
2022-07-27 | 0.06286 | 15.9084 |
2022-07-28 | 0.06307 | 15.8554 |
2022-07-29 | 0.06304 | 15.8629 |
2022-08-01 | Bank holiday | Bank holiday |
2022-08-02 | 0.06247 | 16.0077 |
2022-08-03 | 0.06244 | 16.0154 |
2022-08-04 | 0.06316 | 15.8328 |
2022-08-05 | 0.06340 | 15.7729 |
2022-08-08 | 0.06340 | 15.7729 |
New Zealand dollar (NZD)
New Zealand dollar (NZD) | ||
---|---|---|
Low [High] | 2022-07-27 | 0.8002 CAD [1.2497 NZD] |
Average | 2022-07-25 — 2022-08-08 | 0.8054 CAD [1.2416 NZD] |
High [Low] | 2022-08-04 | 0.8094 CAD [1.2355 NZD] |
Date | NZD → CAD | CAD → NZD |
---|---|---|
2022-07-25 | 0.8052 | 1.2419 |
2022-07-26 | 0.8032 | 1.2450 |
2022-07-27 | 0.8002 | 1.2497 |
2022-07-28 | 0.8053 | 1.2418 |
2022-07-29 | 0.8035 | 1.2446 |
2022-08-01 | Bank holiday | Bank holiday |
2022-08-02 | 0.8073 | 1.2387 |
2022-08-03 | 0.8038 | 1.2441 |
2022-08-04 | 0.8094 | 1.2355 |
2022-08-05 | 0.8075 | 1.2384 |
2022-08-08 | 0.8086 | 1.2367 |
Norwegian krone (NOK)
Norwegian krone (NOK) | ||
---|---|---|
Low [High] | 2022-07-26 | 0.1302 CAD [7.6805 NOK] |
Average | 2022-07-25 — 2022-08-08 | 0.1316 CAD [7.6002 NOK] |
High [Low] | 2022-07-29 | 0.1323 CAD [7.5586 NOK] |
Date | NOK → CAD | CAD → NOK |
---|---|---|
2022-07-25 | 0.1306 | 7.6570 |
2022-07-26 | 0.1302 | 7.6805 |
2022-07-27 | 0.1311 | 7.6278 |
2022-07-28 | 0.1314 | 7.6104 |
2022-07-29 | 0.1323 | 7.5586 |
2022-08-01 | Bank holiday | Bank holiday |
2022-08-02 | 0.1320 | 7.5758 |
2022-08-03 | 0.1322 | 7.5643 |
2022-08-04 | 0.1320 | 7.5758 |
2022-08-05 | 0.1319 | 7.5815 |
2022-08-08 | 0.1321 | 7.5700 |
Peruvian new sol (PEN)
Peruvian new sol (PEN) | ||
---|---|---|
Low [High] | 2022-07-29 | 0.3269 CAD [3.0590 PEN] |
Average | 2022-07-25 — 2022-08-08 | 0.3286 CAD [3.0436 PEN] |
High [Low] | 2022-08-05 | 0.3317 CAD [3.0148 PEN] |
Date | PEN → CAD | CAD → PEN |
---|---|---|
2022-07-25 | 0.3283 | 3.0460 |
2022-07-26 | 0.3288 | 3.0414 |
2022-07-27 | 0.3283 | 3.0460 |
2022-07-28 | 0.3269 | 3.0590 |
2022-07-29 | 0.3269 | 3.0590 |
2022-08-01 | Bank holiday | Bank holiday |
2022-08-02 | 0.3283 | 3.0460 |
2022-08-03 | 0.3279 | 3.0497 |
2022-08-04 | 0.3299 | 3.0312 |
2022-08-05 | 0.3317 | 3.0148 |
2022-08-08 | 0.3286 | 3.0432 |
Russian ruble (RUB)
Russian ruble (RUB) | ||
---|---|---|
Low [High] | 2022-07-29 | 0.02045 CAD [48.8998 RUB] |
Average | 2022-07-25 — 2022-08-08 | 0.02121 CAD [47.1756 RUB] |
High [Low] | 2022-07-25 | 0.02203 CAD [45.3926 RUB] |
Date | RUB → CAD | CAD → RUB |
---|---|---|
2022-07-25 | 0.02203 | 45.3926 |
2022-07-26 | 0.02142 | 46.6853 |
2022-07-27 | 0.02168 | 46.1255 |
2022-07-28 | 0.02091 | 47.8240 |
2022-07-29 | 0.02045 | 48.8998 |
2022-08-01 | Bank holiday | Bank holiday |
2022-08-02 | 0.02129 | 46.9704 |
2022-08-03 | 0.02101 | 47.5964 |
2022-08-04 | 0.02092 | 47.8011 |
2022-08-05 | 0.02139 | 46.7508 |
2022-08-08 | 0.02096 | 47.7099 |
Saudi riyal (SAR)
Saudi riyal (SAR) | ||
---|---|---|
Low [High] | 2022-07-29 | 0.3414 CAD [2.9291 SAR] |
Average | 2022-07-25 — 2022-08-08 | 0.3423 CAD [2.9214 SAR] |
High [Low] | 2022-08-05 | 0.3442 CAD [2.9053 SAR] |
Date | SAR → CAD | CAD → SAR |
---|---|---|
2022-07-25 | 0.3420 | 2.9240 |
2022-07-26 | 0.3429 | 2.9163 |
2022-07-27 | 0.3427 | 2.9180 |
2022-07-28 | 0.3417 | 2.9265 |
2022-07-29 | 0.3414 | 2.9291 |
2022-08-01 | Bank holiday | Bank holiday |
2022-08-02 | 0.3422 | 2.9223 |
2022-08-03 | 0.3418 | 2.9257 |
2022-08-04 | 0.3421 | 2.9231 |
2022-08-05 | 0.3442 | 2.9053 |
2022-08-08 | 0.3420 | 2.9240 |
Singapore dollar (SGD)
Singapore dollar (SGD) | ||
---|---|---|
Low [High] | 2022-07-26 | 0.9273 CAD [1.0784 SGD] |
Average | 2022-07-25 — 2022-08-08 | 0.9304 CAD [1.0749 SGD] |
High [Low] | 2022-08-05 | 0.9364 CAD [1.0679 SGD] |
Date | SGD → CAD | CAD → SGD |
---|---|---|
2022-07-25 | 0.9273 | 1.0784 |
2022-07-26 | 0.9273 | 1.0784 |
2022-07-27 | 0.9281 | 1.0775 |
2022-07-28 | 0.9292 | 1.0762 |
2022-07-29 | 0.9277 | 1.0779 |
2022-08-01 | Bank holiday | Bank holiday |
2022-08-02 | 0.9312 | 1.0739 |
2022-08-03 | 0.9304 | 1.0748 |
2022-08-04 | 0.9333 | 1.0715 |
2022-08-05 | 0.9364 | 1.0679 |
2022-08-08 | 0.9327 | 1.0722 |
South African rand (ZAR)
South African rand (ZAR) | ||
---|---|---|
Low [High] | 2022-07-26 | 0.07617 CAD [13.1285 ZAR] |
Average | 2022-07-25 — 2022-08-08 | 0.07690 CAD [13.0051 ZAR] |
High [Low] | 2022-07-28 | 0.07742 CAD [12.9166 ZAR] |
Date | ZAR → CAD | CAD → ZAR |
---|---|---|
2022-07-25 | 0.07660 | 13.0548 |
2022-07-26 | 0.07617 | 13.1285 |
2022-07-27 | 0.07650 | 13.0719 |
2022-07-28 | 0.07742 | 12.9166 |
2022-07-29 | 0.07719 | 12.9550 |
2022-08-01 | Bank holiday | Bank holiday |
2022-08-02 | 0.07715 | 12.9618 |
2022-08-03 | 0.07644 | 13.0822 |
2022-08-04 | 0.07709 | 12.9719 |
2022-08-05 | 0.07703 | 12.9820 |
2022-08-08 | 0.07736 | 12.9266 |
South Korean won (KRW)
South Korean won (KRW) | ||
---|---|---|
Low [High] | 2022-07-27 | 0.000980 CAD [1,020.4082 KRW] |
Average | 2022-07-25 — 2022-08-08 | 0.000984 CAD [1,016.2771 KRW] |
High [Low] | 2022-08-05 | 0.000993 CAD [1,007.0493 KRW] |
Date | KRW → CAD | CAD → KRW |
---|---|---|
2022-07-25 | 0.000980 | 1,020.4082 |
2022-07-26 | 0.000983 | 1,017.2940 |
2022-07-27 | 0.000980 | 1,020.4082 |
2022-07-28 | 0.000987 | 1,013.1712 |
2022-07-29 | 0.000982 | 1,018.3299 |
2022-08-01 | Bank holiday | Bank holiday |
2022-08-02 | 0.000981 | 1,019.3680 |
2022-08-03 | 0.000981 | 1,019.3680 |
2022-08-04 | 0.000985 | 1,015.2284 |
2022-08-05 | 0.000993 | 1,007.0493 |
2022-08-08 | 0.000988 | 1,012.1457 |
Swedish krona (SEK)
Swedish krona (SEK) | ||
---|---|---|
Low [High] | 2022-07-27 | 0.1249 CAD [8.0064 SEK] |
Average | 2022-07-25 — 2022-08-08 | 0.1259 CAD [7.9431 SEK] |
High [Low] | 2022-08-05 | 0.1269 CAD [7.8802 SEK] |
Date | SEK → CAD | CAD → SEK |
---|---|---|
2022-07-25 | 0.1262 | 7.9239 |
2022-07-26 | 0.1249 | 8.0064 |
2022-07-27 | 0.1249 | 8.0064 |
2022-07-28 | 0.1251 | 7.9936 |
2022-07-29 | 0.1258 | 7.9491 |
2022-08-01 | Bank holiday | Bank holiday |
2022-08-02 | 0.1260 | 7.9365 |
2022-08-03 | 0.1258 | 7.9491 |
2022-08-04 | 0.1268 | 7.8864 |
2022-08-05 | 0.1269 | 7.8802 |
2022-08-08 | 0.1266 | 7.8989 |
Swiss franc (CHF)
Swiss franc (CHF) | ||
---|---|---|
Low [High] | 2022-07-25 | 1.3323 CAD [0.7506 CHF] |
Average | 2022-07-25 — 2022-08-08 | 1.3409 CAD [0.7458 CHF] |
High [Low] | 2022-08-02 | 1.3468 CAD [0.7425 CHF] |
Date | CHF → CAD | CAD → CHF |
---|---|---|
2022-07-25 | 1.3323 | 0.7506 |
2022-07-26 | 1.3375 | 0.7477 |
2022-07-27 | 1.3366 | 0.7482 |
2022-07-28 | 1.3413 | 0.7455 |
2022-07-29 | 1.3444 | 0.7438 |
2022-08-01 | Bank holiday | Bank holiday |
2022-08-02 | 1.3468 | 0.7425 |
2022-08-03 | 1.3360 | 0.7485 |
2022-08-04 | 1.3433 | 0.7444 |
2022-08-05 | 1.3445 | 0.7438 |
2022-08-08 | 1.3458 | 0.7431 |
Taiwanese dollar (TWD)
Taiwanese dollar (TWD) | ||
---|---|---|
Low [High] | 2022-07-29 | 0.04267 CAD [23.4357 TWD] |
Average | 2022-07-25 — 2022-08-08 | 0.04291 CAD [23.3064 TWD] |
High [Low] | 2022-08-05 | 0.04314 CAD [23.1803 TWD] |
Date | TWD → CAD | CAD → TWD |
---|---|---|
2022-07-25 | 0.04297 | 23.2721 |
2022-07-26 | 0.04300 | 23.2558 |
2022-07-27 | 0.04295 | 23.2829 |
2022-07-28 | 0.04285 | 23.3372 |
2022-07-29 | 0.04267 | 23.4357 |
2022-08-01 | Bank holiday | Bank holiday |
2022-08-02 | 0.04293 | 23.2937 |
2022-08-03 | 0.04287 | 23.3263 |
2022-08-04 | 0.04288 | 23.3209 |
2022-08-05 | 0.04314 | 23.1803 |
2022-08-08 | 0.04281 | 23.3590 |
Thai baht (THB)
No data for this time period: 2022-07-25 — 2022-08-08
Turkish lira (TRY)
Turkish lira (TRY) | ||
---|---|---|
Low [High] | 2022-08-03 | 0.07150 CAD [13.9860 TRY] |
Average | 2022-07-25 — 2022-08-08 | 0.07177 CAD [13.9336 TRY] |
High [Low] | 2022-08-05 | 0.07210 CAD [13.8696 TRY] |
Date | TRY → CAD | CAD → TRY |
---|---|---|
2022-07-25 | 0.07210 | 13.8696 |
2022-07-26 | 0.07210 | 13.8696 |
2022-07-27 | 0.07190 | 13.9082 |
2022-07-28 | 0.07160 | 13.9665 |
2022-07-29 | 0.07160 | 13.9665 |
2022-08-01 | Bank holiday | Bank holiday |
2022-08-02 | 0.07160 | 13.9665 |
2022-08-03 | 0.07150 | 13.9860 |
2022-08-04 | 0.07160 | 13.9665 |
2022-08-05 | 0.07210 | 13.8696 |
2022-08-08 | 0.07160 | 13.9665 |
UK pound sterling (GBP)
UK pound sterling (GBP) | ||
---|---|---|
Low [High] | 2022-07-26 | 1.5487 CAD [0.6457 GBP] |
Average | 2022-07-25 — 2022-08-08 | 1.5572 CAD [0.6422 GBP] |
High [Low] | 2022-08-02 | 1.5690 CAD [0.6373 GBP] |
Date | GBP → CAD | CAD → GBP |
---|---|---|
2022-07-25 | 1.5492 | 0.6455 |
2022-07-26 | 1.5487 | 0.6457 |
2022-07-27 | 1.5528 | 0.6440 |
2022-07-28 | 1.5574 | 0.6421 |
2022-07-29 | 1.5575 | 0.6421 |
2022-08-01 | Bank holiday | Bank holiday |
2022-08-02 | 1.5690 | 0.6373 |
2022-08-03 | 1.5610 | 0.6406 |
2022-08-04 | 1.5600 | 0.6410 |
2022-08-05 | 1.5606 | 0.6408 |
2022-08-08 | 1.5554 | 0.6429 |
US dollar (USD)
US dollar (USD) | ||
---|---|---|
Low [High] | 2022-07-29 | 1.2824 CAD [0.7798 USD] |
Average | 2022-07-25 — 2022-08-08 | 1.2862 CAD [0.7775 USD] |
High [Low] | 2022-08-05 | 1.2934 CAD [0.7732 USD] |
Date | USD → CAD | CAD → USD |
---|---|---|
2022-07-25 | 1.2852 | 0.7781 |
2022-07-26 | 1.2883 | 0.7762 |
2022-07-27 | 1.2872 | 0.7769 |
2022-07-28 | 1.2835 | 0.7791 |
2022-07-29 | 1.2824 | 0.7798 |
2022-08-01 | Bank holiday | Bank holiday |
2022-08-02 | 1.2856 | 0.7778 |
2022-08-03 | 1.2853 | 0.7780 |
2022-08-04 | 1.2854 | 0.7780 |
2022-08-05 | 1.2934 | 0.7732 |
2022-08-08 | 1.2857 | 0.7778 |
Vietnamese dong (VND)
No data for this time period: 2022-07-25 — 2022-08-08
Notes
- The daily average exchange rates are published once each business day by 16:30 ET.
- If you select a date that falls on a weekend, the search will display rates for the closest business day(s) to that date. Leading and trailing date ranges where the exchange rate for a currency does not exist are omitted.
On this page
Currency Converter
Convert from Canadian dollars based on daily exchange rates.