Limits to Arbitrage and Deviations from Covered Interest Rate Parity Staff discussion paper 2016-4 James Pinnington, Maral Shamloo We document an increase in deviations from short-term covered interest rate parity (CIP) in the first half of 2015. Since the Swiss National Bank’s (SNB) decision to abandon its minimum exchange rate policy, both the magnitude and volatility of deviations from CIP have increased across several currency pairs. The effect is particularly pronounced for pairs involving the Swiss franc. Content Type(s): Staff research, Staff discussion papers JEL Code(s): F, F3, F31, G, G1, G15 Research Theme(s): Financial markets and funds management, International markets and currencies, Market functioning
A Retail CBDC Design for Basic Payments: Feasibility Study Staff discussion paper 2025-9 Sriram Darbha, Cyrus Minwalla, Rakesh Arora, Dinesh Shah We outline possible system architectures for an online retail central bank digital currency (CBDC) and identify one well-suited for basic payments. We analyze OpenCBDC 2PC, a representative system, finding such designs to be feasible, although some areas require further investigation. Our framing highlights other promising architectures for a retail CBDC. Content Type(s): Staff research, Staff discussion papers JEL Code(s): E, E4, E42, E5, E51, O, O3 Research Theme(s): Money and payments, Digital assets and fintech, Payment and financial market infrastructures, Retail payments
The Relative Benefits and Risks of Stablecoins as a Means of Payment: A Case Study Perspective Staff discussion paper 2022-21 Annetta Ho, Sriram Darbha, Yuliya Gorelkina, Alejandro García Our paper contributes to the discussion about the utility of stablecoins for retail payments through an objective, evidence-based approach that compares stablecoins with traditional retail payment methods. The paper also provides insights that could be useful in the design of central bank digital currencies. Content Type(s): Staff research, Staff discussion papers JEL Code(s): D, D7, D78, O, O3, O38 Research Theme(s): Money and payments, Digital assets and fintech, Payment and financial market infrastructures, Retail payments
May 28, 2026 Financial Stability Report—2026—Financial markets The war in the Middle East has led to periods of increased volatility and reduced liquidity in certain markets, particularly in energy. Nevertheless, markets have generally remained resilient. Equity valuations are still elevated, and credit spreads are compressed.
A Structural Model of the Global Oil Market Staff analytical note 2019-17 Reinhard Ellwanger This note presents a structural vector autoregressive (SVAR) model of the global oil market. The model identifies four types of shocks with different economic interpretations: oil supply shocks, oil-market-specific demand shocks, storage demand shocks and shocks to global economic growth. Content Type(s): Staff research, Staff analytical notes JEL Code(s): Q, Q4, Q41, Q43 Research Theme(s): Models and tools, Economic models, Monetary policy, Inflation dynamics and pressures, Real economy and forecasting
June 23, 2005 On the Evolution of the Financial Safety Net Financial System Review - June 2005 Walter Engert Content Type(s): Publications, Financial System Review articles
August 21, 2025 Refusal or Revocation of Registration under the Retail Payment Activities Act (RPAA) This supervisory policy outlines the Bank of Canada’s (the Bank) powers and procedures to refuse to register applicants or revoke the registration of payment service providers (PSPs) based on the criteria established in the RPAA and its associated regulations. Content Type(s): Retail payments materials, Supervisory policies Subject(s): Retail payments, Enforcement, Registration
April 24, 2002 Opening Statement before the House of Commons Standing Committee on Finance Opening statement David Dodge To counter that uncertainty and bolster consumer and business confidence, the Bank of Canada moved aggressively to provide monetary stimulus. Between last September and January 2002, we lowered interest rates by 200 basis points, bringing the total reduction since January 2001 to 375 basis points. Content Type(s): Press, Speeches and appearances, Opening statements