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This special issue, “Household Finances and Financial Stability,” examines recent Bank of Canada research into two interrelated facts: the steady increase in Canadian household indebtedness in recent decades, and the upward trend in real house prices in Canada since 2000. Rising house prices could lead to the accumulation of debt, and abrupt movements in either factor can influence the financial health of households, which are a central part of Canada’s economy.

The Bank does look to the Chamber to help us understand how economic developments are unfolding at the industry level. And I particularly want to thank the Chamber for being an ongoing partner in our efforts to smoothly introduce three new high-denomination bank notes this year.

To help shape the renewal research agenda, the Bank engaged with private sector economists and academics in 2024. In 2025–26, the Bank consulted financial institutions and pension funds, business and employer associations, unions, think tanks, consumer groups and community organizations.

In 2016 and 2017, the Bank of Canada added questions to the Business Outlook Survey on firms’ expectations for the magnitude of change in their sales volumes, number of employees, investment spending, input prices and selling prices. This backgrounder describes how the responses are aggregated and examines their relationship with macroeconomic and price measures.

Canadian economic activity remains strong, and employment is robust. The Bank is forecasting growth of about 4¼% in 2022, easing to 3¼% in 2023.

See the historical index ratios for Real Return Bonds.

Every five years, the Bank of Canada and the Government of Canada review and renew the agreement on Canada’s monetary policy framework. The agreement will be renewed before the end of 2026. To inform this process, the Bank consulted with the public and a wide range of stakeholders. This report summarizes the findings.

These tables are updated one day after the Bank’s most recent announcement date for the target overnight rate, based on information available up to that date. Quarterly data, with graphs and definitions.

Inflation targeting, a stable macroeconomic environment, and an average growth rate for potential output that is not expected to vary much in the next several years all help households, businesses, and governments in their medium-term economic and financial planning. Several simple rules of thumb can be usefully employed in this planning. Specifically, inflation targeting has maintained most major measures of inflation quite close to the target midpoint on average over a number of years. Combined with a clear fiscal framework, this has contributed to a more stable macroeconomic environment in which output varies less around its potential level. Potential output growth is expected to average around 3 per cent over the next several years. In light of these factors and historical relationships, labour income, profits, and consumer spending will likely grow, on average, by about 5 per cent over the medium term. Real and nominal long-term interest rates should also continue to be stable, with real 30-year yields varying around 3.5 or 4.0 per cent, and nominal yields varying around 5.5 or 6.0 per cent.

Monetary policy has worked to reduce price pressures in the Canadian economy. Inflation is now around 2% and is expected to remain near the middle of the Bank of Canada’s control range of 1% to 3% over the projection.