Adam Epp

Staff analytical notes

The increasing role of hedge funds in Government of Canada bond auctions

Staff Analytical Note 2025-22 Adam Epp, Jeffrey Gao
We find that the rise in Government of Canada debt issuance correlates to growing participation of hedge funds in bond auctions since 2020. This increased participation supports the cost-effective distribution of Canada’s debt, but it also represents a potential vulnerability because hedge funds have a greater flight risk than other investor types.

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Staff discussion papers

Are Hedge Funds a Hedge for Increasing Government Debt Issuance?

Staff Discussion Paper 2025-7 Adam Epp, Jeffrey Gao
This paper studies the rapid increase since 2019 of Government of Canada (GoC) debt issuance alongside greater hedge fund participation at GoC bond auctions. We find a systematic relationship between GoC debt stock and hedge fund bidding shares at auction.

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Technical reports

The Dynamic Canadian Debt Strategy Model

Technical Report No. 127 Nicolas Audet, Joe Ning, Adam Epp, Jeffrey Gao
We present a dynamic debt strategy model framework designed to assist sovereign debt portfolio managers in choosing an optimal debt issuance strategy. The main innovation of this framework is the introduction of dynamic issuance strategies, which allow issuance decisions to vary over time based on the model’s simulated state variables.

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